Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a common hereditary kidney disease with abnormal proliferation and apoptosis of kidney cystic epithelial cells, eventually leading to chronic renal failure

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a common hereditary kidney disease with abnormal proliferation and apoptosis of kidney cystic epithelial cells, eventually leading to chronic renal failure. epithelial cells by suppressing the activities of PKA, mTOR and ERK signaling pathways and upregulating PI3K/Akt pathway. Combination of both drugs increased the apoptosis rates of cystic epithelial cells. Two drugs inhibited glucose metabolic phenotypes, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, and significantly lowered the intracellular ATP level in cystic epithelial cells. 2-DG could also neutralize excessive production of lactate (lactic acidosis) caused by MET and both drugs had complementary effect for cystic epithelial cells. These results reveal that combinational use of low-dose 2-DG and MET can markedly inhibit proliferation via modulating glucose metabolic phenotypes in human polycystic kidney epithelial cells, low-dose combinational usage of both medications can lower the poisonous ramifications of each medication also, and it is a book technique for potential treatment of individual polycystic kidney disease. Launch Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is really a hereditary kidney disease. Both kidneys in PKD are filled up with multiple serous cysts produced from renal tubules; the cyst epithelial cells display unusual proliferation and upsurge in quantity steadily, hence compressing regular kidney tissue and finally resulting in end-stage kidney disease1. The pathogenesis of PKD is still unclear, and there is no effective treatment. In recent years, the Warburg effect has been found in polycystic kidney epithelial cells, similar to tumor cells. Under aerobic conditions, the cystic cells mainly rely on glycolytic metabolism for energy supply rather than on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation2,3. Additionally, the activity of the energy sensor, adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), is usually decreased, while the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is usually over-activated in cyst epithelial cells4,5. Furthermore, the AP20187 proliferation-related signaling pathways, cyclic adenyl-monophosphate-protein kinase A (cAMP-PKA) and extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK), are activated, while the activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway that inhibits the over-activation of ERK proliferation signaling pathway is RGS3 usually significantly inhibited in the cystic cells6. Numerous anti-proliferative drugs, such as rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) and octreotide (somatostatin AP20187 analog), have been used to treat polycystic kidney animal models in recent years. Although these drugs showed good efficacy in cells and animal models, the effects were not acceptable in a number of follow-up clinical trials7. Tolvaptan, a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist, is also effective; however, clinical studies AP20187 have shown that patients suffer severe thirst, polyuria, nocturia, polydipsia and liver toxicity, and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not yet approved this drug for clinical use8. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find new treatment methods. 2-Deoxyglucose (2-DG) is a glucose analog that inhibits glycolysis9,10. 2-DG can compete with glucose to bind hexokinase (the first rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis) in cells and inhibit metabolism of tumor cell, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation11. Metformin (MET) is a first-line drug for the clinical treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recent studies have found that MET can specifically inhibit mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I and decrease oxidative phosphorylation levels in cells, hence reducing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, activating AMPK and inhibiting mTOR proliferation signaling pathway12C16. Because of the apparent activation of glycolysis in AP20187 tumor cells, a big level of blood sugar is certainly high and consumed degrees of ATP are created, producing a reduction in AMP/ATP proportion and inhibited AMPK activity17 significantly. Hence, glycolytic inhibitor 2-DG and AMPK activator MET have already been used in the treating tumors lately. The combinational usage of MET and 2-DG can considerably deplete the ATP way to obtain cancers cells and inhibit the over-activation of proliferation signaling pathways in cells, thus considerably inhibiting the over-proliferation of tumor cells and reducing the medial side effects due to high dosages of the average person medications18C20. In today’s study, for the very first time, we treated individual polycystic kidney cyst-lining epithelial.


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