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Spike and NucleocapsidLFIABIOTIME SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM Quick Qualitative TestXiamen Biotime Biotechnology Co., Ltd.SpikeELISAWANTAI SARS-CoV-2 Abdominal ELISABeijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy Business Co., Ltd.SpikeELISAPlatelia SARS-CoV-2 Total AbBio-Rad Laboratories, IncNucleocapsidELISASARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG testEmory Medical LaboratoriesRBDELISASARS-COV-2 ELISA (IgG)EUROIMMUNSpikeELISASCoV-2 Detect IgG ELISAInBiosSpikeELISASCoV-2 Detect IgM ELISAInBios International, Inc.SpikeELISACOVID-SeroKlir, Kantaro Semi-Quantitative SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibody KitKantaro Biosciences, LLCSpikeELISAMt. the serological test results and their possible application. With this paper, we examined the types of assays currently available, to address some key elements that characterize each technique, and might have an impact on results interpretation. allows the detection of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA), regardless of the infectivity status of the tested subject. They are very E1R accurate but they require a laboratory analysis to be performed, and consequently they cannot be used as self-diagnostic fast checks. Assays developed to directly assess the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in biospecimens have been based on Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) (15). RT-qPCR is very sensitive but the assays cannot distinguish between a positive result due to the presence of an actively replicating computer virus or rather an RNA residual of a past illness (i.e., no longer infectious) (16). Different laboratories are using different RT-qPCR panels (e.g., including ORF1a or ORF1b, N gene, S gene) to detect the viral RNA. Many of them have implemented testing based on the BerlinCCharit protocol (17), while others are using commercially available assays whose primers/probes sequences are not available due to proprietary information guidelines. As the degree of genetic similarity with additional coronaviruses can vary (for example, S is more specific than N), the choice of PCR focuses on can affect the level of sensitivity of the method. Moreover, to accomplish high level of sensitivity, many methods use a high threshold of positivity [often cycle threshold (Ct) 40], increasing the possibility of detecting false-positives. Although Ct is only a semi-quantitative E1R value, low Ct generally shows a high concentration of viral genetic material, typically associated with high risk of infectivity. A high Ct indicates a low concentration of viral genetic material, typically associated with a lower risk of infectivity. The clinical indicating of a positive result with high Ct (i.e. low viral weight), often defined as weakly positive, is quite hard to understand if the subject has always been asymptomatic. Weakly positive swab can be recognized, in fact, in the early stages of illness or late in illness when the risk of transmission is definitely low. It has been explained that some clinically-recovered COVID-19 individuals, and even asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects, can display a prolonged E1R positivity of SARS-CoV-2 RNA after the resolution of symptoms (18-19). Whereas prolonged fragments of the computer virus RNA can be present during the recovery period, the duration of infectivity (defined as the time during which SARS-CoV-2 can be transferred from an infected person to another) is definitely harder to establish, but it is definitely thought to decrease quite quickly (1-2 weeks after the onset of symptoms) (20-21). E1R An additional problem is the probability that a subject evolves a reinfection. According to the recommendations released by the Public Health England (22), healthcare workers or hospital individuals who have tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR should be exempt from routine re-testing within a period of 90 days using their initial illness onset or test (if asymptomatic) unless they develop fresh COVID-19 symptoms. On the contrary, if a person is re-tested by PCR after 90 days using their initial illness onset or test and is found to be PCR positive, this should be considered as a possible new infection. If they have developed fresh COVID-19 symptoms, they would need to self-isolate again and their contacts should be traced. detect viral proteins (usually N or E1R S proteins) and the analysis is fast to perform. However, the level of sensitivity of the method and its positive predictive worth (PPV) are less than the types attained for nucleic acidity amplification and in addition low in asymptomatic than in symptomatic topics (23-25). Regardless of the decreased sensitivity weighed against RT-qPCR, the usage of antigen tests for serial testing may allow rapid identification of infectious persons. In fact, an excellent correlation between fast antigen tests and infectivity continues to be reported and will be looked at as a significant indication of scientific utility in managing pathogen transmission (26). Alternatively, the advantage of having an instantaneous result,.